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Contents
Chapter I Introductio1
Jianguo Du and Ucu Yanu Arbi
1.1 Background of the study areas 1
1.2 The cooperatioproject 2
1.3 Investigatioareas iNorth Sulawesi 3
References 5
Chapter II Geographical and Hydrological Conditio6
AijuPan，Deny Sutisna，Weibo Wang，Xiwu Zhou，Edi Kusmanto，M Hasanudin，Kai Li and Mingzhang Zeng
2.1 Geomorphology of North Sulawesi Sea 6
2.2 The Field observations and subsurface mooring system (SMS) 10
2.3 Water mass features isoutherand northerLembeh Strait 11
2.4 Current characteristics 16
2.5 Conclusions 18
References 18
Chapter III Mangrove Ecosystem 20
Guangcheng Chen，Sastro Pramudji，I WayaEka Dharmawan，Hadiyanto，Junhui Lin，HeshaLin，Indra Aswandy，Erna Widyastuti and Rianta Pratiwi
3.1 Introductio20
3.2 Mangrove communities iKema，Pintu Kota and Likupang 21
3.3 Benthos diversity iKema，Teremaal，Likupang and Wori 26
3.4 Soil environments iKema and North Minahasa mangroves 33
3.5 Conclusions 38
References 39
Chapter IV Seagrass Ecosystem 43
Jianguo Du，Udhi Eko Hernawan，Teguh Peristiwady，Shunyang Chen，Muhamad Husni Azkab，I WayaEka Dharmawan，Junhui Lin，Ucu Yanu Arbi，HeshaLin，Petrus Christianus Makatipu，Xinqing Zheng and Jianji Liao
4.1 Introductio43
4.2 Soil environment iseagrass meadows 45
4.3 Seagrass diversity iNorth Sulawesi 48
4.4 Benthos diversity iseagrass meadows 54
4.5 Fish diversity iseagrass meadows 59
4.6 Food source of seagrass fishes and benthos 65
4.7 Conclusions 70
References 71
Chapter V Coral Reef Ecosystem 75
Suharsono，Jianguo Du，Tri Aryono，Wentao Niu，Petrus Makatipu，Teguh Peristiwady，DanyuOu，Xiaofeng Shi and Jianji Liao
5.1 Introductio75
5.2 Coral diversity iLembeh Strait 77
5.3 Sponge diversity iLembeh Strait 81
5.4 Reef fish diversity iLembeh Strait 82
5.5 Genetic diversity of fishes and bacterium 97
5.6 Food web of coral reef ecosystem iLembeh Strait 103
5.7 Conclusions 107
References 107
Chapter VI Nearshore Pelagic Ecosystem 111
Muswerry，Senming Tang，ZhiyuaMa，Ricardo Huwae，Baohong Chen，Hanif Budiprayitno，Yanguo Wang，Nurul Fitriya，Hikmah Thoha，Arief Rachmaand Haifeng Gu
6.1 Introductio111
6.2 Water chemistry 112
6.3 Time series parameters from Eco-Buoy 117
6.4 Micro-phytoplanktodistributioiLembeh Strait 124
6.5 Net phytoplanktocompositioiNorth Sulawesi 137
6.6 Zooplanktodiversity iNorth Sulawesi 142
6.7 Conclusions 153
References 154
Chapter VII Summary 158
BiCheand Dirhamsyah
7.1 Mangrove ecosystem 158
7.2 Coral ecosystem 159
7.3 Seagrass ecosystem 160
7.4 Nearshore pelagic ecosystem 160
7.5 Comments and suggestions 161
Appendix I Species list 163
A.I-1 Species list of true mangrove and mangrove associatioiNorth Sulawesi 163
A.I-2 Species list of mangrove benthos iNorth Sulawesi 164
A.I-3 Species list of seagrass iNorth Sulawesi 167
A.I-4 Species list of seagrass benthos iNorth Sulawesi 167
A.I-5 Species list of seagrass fish iNorth Sulawesi 171
A.I-6 Species list of coral iLembeh Strait 173
A.I-7 Species list of sponge iLembeh Strait 179
A.I-8 Species list of reef fish iNorth Sulawesi 182
A.I-9 Species list of phytoplanktoand potentially harmful algae iLembeh Strait 190
A.I-10 Species list of zooplanktoiNorth Sulawesi 201
A.I-11 Species list of transitory planktoiNorth Sulawesi 212
Appendix II Atlas 214
A.II-1 Atlas of commomangrove iNorth Sulawesi 214
A.II-2 Atlas of commoseagrass iLembeh Strait 216
A.II-3 Atlas of seagrass benthos iNorth Sulawesi 217
A.II-4 Atlas of commocorals iLembeh Strait 219
A.II-5 Atlas of commosponges iLembeh Strait 236
A.II-6 Atlas of reef fishes iNorth Sualwesi 241
A.II-7 Atlas of phytoplanktoiLembeh Strait 243
A.II-8 Atlas of commoZooplanktoiNorth Sulawesi 251
Appendix III Working photos 255
A.III-1 Conferences，discussions and others interior working photos 255
A.III-2 Monitoring，sampling and others outside working photos 257
